permanent tooth

The dental replacement is a special physiological process in childhood. The root of deciduous teeth will be absorbed with the development of permanent tooth germ, and be replaced by permanent teeth.

乳恒牙替换是儿童时期发生一种的特殊生理现象，随着恒牙胚的发育，乳牙到一定时期牙根会逐渐吸收，由萌出的恒牙所代替。

This process is called replacement of primary and permanent teeth, which is a complex and rigorous physiological process participated by multiple factors and multiple cells. At present, the main research direction are resorption of primary dental roots and development of permanent tooth germs.

此过程是多因素、多细胞参与的复杂又严密的生理过程，目前的研究方向主要为乳牙根吸收和恒牙胚的发育。

Analysis of curative effect of partial pulpotomy of exposed pulp of permanent anterior tooth with fracture of crown

恒前牙冠折露髓部分切髓术的疗效分析

Young permanent tooth and deciduous tooth which have high pulp horn.

青少年的恒牙和儿童的乳牙,因其髓角位置高不宜作嵌体,以免损伤牙髓.

An Epidemiological Study on Permanent Tooth Caries of Adolescents in Rural Area in Henan

河南农村青少年恒牙龋病流行病学分析

Objective : To study the anatomic morphology of permanent tooth external layer of Korean-nationality.

目的: 研究朝鲜族恒牙外层解剖形态.

Objective To study the prevalence of permanent tooth caries among children aged 12-18 in rural area in Henan, and to provide basis for dental diseases prevention in rural area.

目的了解河南农村12～18岁人群恒牙龋病患病现状，为开展农村牙病防治工作提供依据。

Effect of permanent maxillary anterior tooth anatomy on root canal therapy difficulty assessment

中国成人离体上前牙解剖因素对根管治疗难度的影响

Results: NF-kB positive signals were observed in the osteoclasts up to the permanent tooth germ and in odontoclasts in the medial wall of the pulp cavity of deciduous teeth.

结果：NF kB在幼犬替牙期的恒牙胚上方骨组织中的破骨细胞以及乳牙根面和牙髓腔内的破牙细胞中均有阳性信号表达。

Clinical Analysis on Marrow Survival Rate after Replantation of Young Permanent Tooth Broken off Due to Trauma

年轻恒牙外伤脱落再植术活髓保存率的临床分析

Results The more distance of maxillary molar and more obvious inhibition of maxilla bone growth forward in group of 7 8 year old children ( group of transitional dentition) were detected than that in group of 10 11 year old children ( group of permanent tooth).

结果发现替牙期组（7～8岁）上磨牙远移的距离大于恒牙期组（10～11岁），上颌骨向前生长所受的抑制较恒牙期明显。

Conclusion The prevalence of permanent tooth caries among children aged 12 in Henan was low, but high-risk communities were observed and few teeth were filled for caries.

结论河南省12岁儿童龋病患病率相对较低，但龋病仍广泛存在并存在风险人群；龋充填率低。

An epidemiologic study on permanent tooth caries among children of 12 in Anhui province

安徽省12岁年龄组恒牙龋病流行病学抽样调查

Objective To investigate the permanent tooth caries of 12-year-old children in Kaifeng.

目的了解开封市区12岁学生恒牙龋发病情况。

Root canal filling pastes for primary tooth have to meet more needs than paste for permanent tooth, such as being absorbed with root simultaneously and doing no harm to permanent tooth germ.

乳牙根充糊剂除需具有恒牙根充糊剂的特性外，还需具有充填后能与乳牙牙根同步吸收、对乳牙根尖周组织和恒牙牙胚无害等性质。

RESULTS: SHIP positive signals were observed in the osteoclasts, odentoclasts and enamel of permanent tooth germ.

结果: SHIP在破骨细胞 、 破牙细胞和恒牙胚釉质层表达阳性.

Results The total incidence of decayed permanent tooth was 5.98%.

结果佛山市入学儿童恒牙龋病龋患率为5.98%；

Treatment of congenital missing of permanent tooth is often complicated by delayed diagnosis or inadequate treatment.

对于恒齿先天缺牙的治疗,常因延迟诊断或是不适当的处置,而加重困难度.

Conclusion: Bone remodel around the permanent tooth germ resulted from primary tooth orthodontic movement.

结论：狗乳牙正畸移动后恒牙胚牙周组织发生骨改建。

It has been proved that OC and OD are two important function cells involved in the absorption of deciduous tooth root and alveolar bone, they blazed a way for the erupting permanent tooth germs.

现已证实，OC与OD是参与吸收乳牙根、牙槽骨等组织的重要功能细胞，并为恒牙胚的发育和萌出创建通道。

Distribution of early carious lesions on permanent tooth surfaces and its relationship with dental plaques

早期龋损害在恒牙面的分布及其与菌斑的关系

Objective: To study the anatomic morphology of permanent tooth external layer of Korean-nationality.

目的：研究朝鲜族恒牙外层解剖形态。

The main function of MMP-8 is to degrade collagen. The immature permanent tooth is an important stage of development.

MMP-8主要功能是降解胶原，且降解Ⅰ型胶原的能力最强。

The comparative study on clinical effects of three kinds of disinfectant in root canal applied to young permanent tooth with periapical periodontitis

3种根管消毒剂在年轻恒牙根尖周炎治疗中的疗效对比研究

The permanent tooth germ plays an important role in physiological root resorption of deciduous tooth, but not the alone factor.

恒牙胚是引起乳牙生理性根吸收的重要因素，但却非唯一的因素。

MEHTODS: By immunohistochemistry, SHIP expression was examined in the tissue membrane , alveolar bone, permanent tooth germ.

方法: 应用免疫组织化学的方法检测SHIP在犬乳恒牙替换期组织中的表达.

Through comparing the variation degree and morbidity caries consistent rate of identical twin and different twin on the caries quantity, lose quantity and complementary quantity, the heritability of permanent tooth caries was counted with classical correlation coefficient method and accordant rate formula.

通过比较同卵和异卵双生子对内龋、失、补牙数的变异程度和患龋一致率，采用经典相关系数法和一致率公式计算出恒牙龋齿的遗传度。

The discovery would possibly be beneficial to continuous development of the root of young permanent tooth with dental pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis after appropriate treatment.

这一发现可能有利于根尖未发育完成的年轻恒牙发生牙髓坏死以及由此引起的根尖周炎经适当的治疗后牙根的继续发育。

With the development of permanent tooth germs, primary dental roots begin to be absorbed, and finally primary teeth are replaced by permanent teeth.

随着恒牙胚的发育，乳牙到一定时期牙根逐渐吸收，导致牙冠脱落，由萌出的恒牙所代替的过程称为乳恒牙替换。